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That is, the four principles share equal weight, and no one is more significant that the other in terms of moral decision making. No principle takes priority over the other principles. The justice principle refers to the obligation to treat each person fairly and equally, whether in benefits or in risks. The non-maleficence principle refers to the obligation to not intentionally harm people. The beneficence principle refers to the obligation to consider peopleвЂ™s best interests and to act so as to increase their welfare. According to Beauchamp and Childress, the autonomy principle refers to the obligation to respect people who are capable of making decisions and taking actions based on their personal views and values. The principles are autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. Ethical Principles and Ethical Dilemmas: Deontological Ethics and Utilitarian EthicsД«eauchamp and Childress proposed four ethical principles to ensure patientsвЂ™ rights, and these are the basis for ethical principles in medicine. Justice refers to the idea that resources, efforts, contributions, and merits should be equally allocated to people no matter their race, religion, gender, etc.Дў. Beneficence is related to respecting to every personвЂ™s decisions, protecting them from harm, and ensuring their well-being. First, each individual should be apprised before any treatment or experiment second, it is necessary to protect any person whose autonomy is diminished. Autonomy refers to respect for persons from two perspectives. To ensure biomedical safety and patient rights, The Belmont Report presented three core principles: autonomy, beneficence, and justice. During the Second World War, the inappropriate treatment and even mistreatment of human subjects in medical experiments facilitated The Belmont Report and the start of principled ethics to confirm the ethical principles in biomedical and human behavioral research. Medical ethics stem from the tradition of Hippocratic Oath, also known as the physicianвЂ™s oath, to deal with the ethical dilemmas or conflicts that healthcare professionals might encounter in a healthcare context. ДЄlthough there were no formal medical ethics principles or theories before the 1970s, doctors and medical care professionals still had moral values on which they relied when treating patients. Before the 1970s, there was no bridge connecting philosophical ethics with medical ethics however, since the 1970s, scholars have considered medical ethics in connection with public health and nursing. Ethics refer to not only the study and practice of moral choices involved in moral values, but also the judgments behind those moral choices that justify moral decisions. Medical ethics is a crucial factor in making decisions regarding any moral or ethical dilemma or conflict, as well as the resulting consequences that medical care professionals may face. In order to reach an appropriate public health decision, those involved should be inclined toward empathy and contemplate things from different ethical perspectives to deal with ethical/moral dilemmas and create greater beneficence and justice for patients and humanity at large. However, the decision-making process is complicated because any solution must consider not only medical ethics but also political, environmental, and military issues.

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To reach more just solutions, it is essential to determine how to make wise decisions by balancing deontological ethics and utilitarian ethics. The paper will also analyze film scenarios to examine how deontological ethics and utilitarian ethics are involved and strike a balance with different pearspectives to reach an appropriate public health solution.

To demonstrate decisions made in terms of deontological ethics and utilitarian ethics, the study will use the film Outbreak as example to further understand these two ethics in relation to epidemiology and public health. When there is a conflict between these two ethical principles in the medical context, the conflict must be addressed in order to reach an appropriate solution for patients and others involved. However, it has been challenging to reach a balance between these two ethical theories. Both deontological ethics and utilitarian ethics are important theories that affect decision making in medical and health care.